The Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Spanish king Philip II and the French prince Francois of Anjou were wooed to Elizabeth of England. She refused all three, not wanting to share the fate of her country with anyone, and went down in history as the "maiden queen."
But just as Elizabeth rejected her fiancés one after another, three Popes in a row refused to recognize her as the legitimate ruler (because Rome did not recognize the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn as legal). They declared her a heretic several times and excommunicated her from the church. Rejected by the head of the Catholic Church, Elizabeth was well aware that she could be a sovereign sovereign in her country only if she was a Protestant, like most of the English, and if she began to rule in the interests of the Protestants. The first thing the queen did when she ascended the throne was to proclaim the state Anglican Church (the English Protestant Church is independent of Rome; the head of the church is the King of England). Catholicism - the religion of most European states - in England has become a persecuted old faith and at the same time has become a convenient cover for the aggressive plans of external enemies. Chief among them was the Spanish King Philip II. At one time he was married to Mary the Bloody - an ardent Catholic, sister and predecessor of Elizabeth - and was the prince consort of England (the husband of the queen, but not the king). After the death of Mary and the refusal of Elizabeth to marry him, Philip lost all right to the British throne, but did not lose hope of conquering England. In an effort to implement his plans, the king of Spain, together with the Pope, tried to organize a general war of the Catholic sovereigns of Europe with the heretic queen. Wanting to sow unrest within England itself, they supported the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart, an obedient Catholic, who claimed the English throne.
The appearance of Mary Stuart in England was very dangerous for Elizabeth - the Scottish queen had made her claims for a long time, and she found supporters in the country. It is clear that the queen made every effort to neutralize her rival. Mary soon became a prisoner of Elizabeth, but even in captivity she remained the center of conspiracies perpetrated by the enemies of the Queen of England. True, the faithful servants of the crown did not doze off either. Everything opened up. Mary, "commonly called the Queen of Scots" (so they wrote in court documents), was handed over to the hands of English justice. For participating in a conspiracy to kill Elizabeth I, she was sentenced to death and beheaded on February 8, 1587 in the castle of Vateringey.
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All England rejoiced at the news. Elizabeth herself did not participate in the general celebration and dressed in mourning for Mary Stuart. Even for such a firm and resolute ruler as Elizabeth, the execution of the Queen of Scots was too bold a step. For the first time, a person of royal blood was tried, sentenced to death and executed for a state crime. This was done with commoners, nobles, dukes, after all, but not with kings! The blood of kings was considered sacred. Elizabeth herself was firmly convinced of this, but, choosing between the blood of the Scottish queen and the calm and power of England, she chose England. The execution of Mary Stuart showed that kings are responsible for their deeds, and saved the Protestant country from a 30-year threat of a violent return of Catholicism.
The execution of Mary Stuart was a challenge to the entire Catholic Europe. Philip II furiously proclaimed himself a pretender to the English throne and began to prepare an invasion of England.
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In fact, this war has been going on for a long time. English pirates mercilessly robbed ships loaded with gold, sailing from the New World to Spain. Elizabeth herself patronized the sea robbers and therefore almost did not react to the endless protests of the Spanish ambassador. The queen had her own interest in the business of maritime robberies: together with those close to her, she invested money in pirate expeditions for the gold of King Philip II and received simply fabulous profits from this. Naturally, Elizabeth did not pursue the corsairs replenishing the royal treasury, but, on the contrary, showered her with all sorts of favors: she made Hawkins and Drake nobles, and the latter, in addition, was appointed vice admiral of the fleet.
To put an end to pirate attacks, in 1588 Philip II equipped a huge fleet to capture England - the "Invincible Armada".
Elizabeth knew that England was not ready for a serious war. The Royal Navy consisted of only 34 ships, and there was no strong land army in the country at all. But it was about the independence of England. Seeing the threat, the entire population of England rallied around their queen. Merchants and nobles equipped and sent ships. The most famous pirates took command of the fleet. The townspeople went to the militia, created detachments of volunteers, ready to repel the landing of the Spanish troops. But, of course, they could hardly withstand the battle-hardened soldiers of Philip II. In an effort to encourage her troops, Elizabeth on horseback (and she was 55 years old) rode around their ranks, saying: "I come to you, deciding in the midst of the battle to live or die with you."
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