The modern understanding of the term differs among many researchers. Until today, the history and theory of the subject are still being developed by theorists and practitioners. The importance of journalism in the modern information society is colossal, because it is this industry that processes and delivers information to a wide range of people.
The history of the emergence of journalism The roots of the term go back to the Latin language and means “daily”, and the modern word is associated with the French journal (diary). Both lexemes reflect the main essence of the phenomenon: daily life.
Even in ancient Greece, there were heralds who proclaimed speeches in the central squares of cities about urgent events. In ancient Rome, by order of Caesar, they issued the first digests about the decisions of the Senate with a circulation of 10 thousand, and manually copied 300 slaves.
The prototype of journalism was in ancient China, around the same time as in Rome, but the spread of independent journalism did not begin until the 19th century. In the Middle Ages, indulgences and postscripts of a predominantly religious nature were spread. The invention of the printing press and the mass production of printed materials meant a lot for the development of culture. In many European countries, the case developed on the wave of national liberation movements.
Journalism theory Now the development of theory is forced by a change in the phenomenon itself. Today the media are commercial in nature, the vertical of the media has changed, new forms have appeared: freelance and non-editorial journalism. The processes of globalization and the unification of eastern and western media spaces influence the infosphere. The system includes:
founder; governing bodies; journalists; texts; social institutions; channels; mass audience; reality. Although the concepts of journalism and media are not the same, they are used interchangeably. In the scientific sense, the latter only “pack” and distribute media texts. They also include movies, music and advertising.
Functions of journalism In 1975, the Union identified the following tasks of journalism:
Informational. Provide objective coverage of events so that society can formulate its position. Representatives of the people, in turn, should receive reliable information about the opinion of the people. Commenting. Express the opinion of a society or organization or social institution. Control. Check and monitor the work of the authorities, service providers, monopolists. Binder. Provide dialogue between government, organizations and society. Some parameters are controversial. With the development of the entertainment media industry, an entertainment function can be added.
Contemporary journalism The main feature of new media is independence and variety of forms. The industry has emerged professions: citizen journalist, international affairs, blogger, copywriter. New directions: gonzo, social and data journalism. The latter assumes the creation of databases after processing a significant number of information sources.
The Internet has made available a large audience reach, and many print publications produce electronic versions. Virtual journalism experiences less pressure from the authorities and promptly alerts the public. But the flip side of the coin is precisely in the multitude of information channels. A modern person is attacked from everywhere: TV, Internet, radio, print media, sometimes with low-quality content. In pursuit of ratings and popularity, the media violates professional ethics and industry laws, significantly reducing the prestige of the profession and undermining public confidence in the media.
Europe In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte. ("Written Notices"), which cost one gazzetta, a Venetian coin of the time, whose name h eventually came to mean "newspaper". These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and were used to quickly and efficiently convey political, military and economic news throughout Europe, and more specifically Italy, early modern times (1500-1800) - sharing some of the characteristics of newspapers, although they were not usually considered true newspapers.
However, none of these publications fully met modern criteria for real newspapers, since they were usually not intended for the general public and were limited to a specific range of topics. Early publications played a role in the development of what would be considered a newspaper today, emerging around 1601. In about the 15th and 16th centuries, long news bulletins called "relationships" were published in England and France; in Spain they were called "relaciones". Single event news publications were printed in a wide sheet format that was published frequently. These publications also came in the form of brochures and small booklets (for longer narratives, often written in letter format), often with illustrations on wood. Literacy rates were low compared to today, and these news stories were often read aloud (literacy and oral culture, in a sense, existed side by side in this scenario).
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By 1400, businessmen in Italian and German cities were compiling handwritten chronicles of important news events and distributing them to their business communities. The idea to use a printing press for this material first appeared in Germany around 1600. The first bulletins appeared in German cities, in particular the weekly Relationaller Fuernemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ("Collection of all outstanding and memorable news") in Strasbourg, starting in 1605. The Avisa Relation oder Zeitung was published in Wolfenbüttel from 1609, and bulletins were soon created in Frankfurt (1615), Berlin (1617) and Hamburg (1618). By 1650, there were bulletins in 30 German cities. The semiannual Latin-language news chronicle Mercurius Gallobelgicus was published in Cologne between 1594 and 1635, but was not a model for other publications.
News spread between newsletters. through established channels in 17th century Europe. Antwerp was the center of two networks, one connecting France, Britain, Germany and the Netherlands; the other connects Italy, Spain and Portugal. Favorite topics included war, military affairs, diplomacy, court affairs, and gossip.
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