About two thousand Roman colonists settled in Valentia in 138 BC. during the reign of the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. The Roman historian Livy said: "In Spain, the consul Junius Brutus gave land and a city named Valentia to those who fought under Virtiatus." A few years later, the Roman historian Florus said that Brutus had transferred the soldiers who had fought under his command to the province. Valentia developed from the very beginning as a typical Roman city, which will be crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road connecting the province with Rome, the capital of the empire. The city center was located in the current area of Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the intersection of Cardo Maximus and Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city in modern times. Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.
Pompey razed Valentia to the ground in 75 BC to punish her for her loyalty to Sertorius. About fifty years later, it was rebuilt with the help of infrastructure projects, and by the middle of the 1st century, it began to grow rapidly with the arrival of many colonists from Italy. Pomponius Mela named it one of the main province of the city of Tarraconensis. Valentia experienced a new period of decline in the 3rd century, but an early Christian community emerged there in the last years of the Roman Empire, in the 4th century.
Historian Theodor Mommsen identified Valencia as one of the fully Romanized cities in Roman Spain, where almost all of the population were descendants of Roman colonists from Italy.
Several centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of invasion by the Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the vacuum of power left by the decline of the Roman imperial administration, the church took over the reins of the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in 554, the city acquired a strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were stationed here, and the ancient Roman amphitheater was fortified. Little is known about its history for nearly a century; Excavations suggest that the development of this event was minor. In Visigothic times, Valencia was the episcopal throne of the Catholic Church, although it was a Sufragan diocese, subordinate to the Archdiocese of Toledo, including the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Spain.
Muslimansiya
The Serrana Towers are one of the twelve gates that guarded the city walls of Valencia. Valencian Gothic, built between 1392 and 1398. This gate was then used by the kings to enter the city. The city surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD. and Saint Vincent Cathedral was converted into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the destruction of the city in 755 during his wars against other nobility. but a few years later his son Abdallah received a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts, he ordered the construction of the luxurious palace of Ruzafa on the outskirts of the city in the area of the same name, now Ruzafa. No remains have been found yet. Also at this time, Valencia was named Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic was established, Valencia, then called Balanceya, flourished since the 10th century due to the explosive growth of the trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass, and silverware. The architectural heritage of this period is rich in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remains of the old walls, the Baths of Banos del Almirante, Portal de Valdinha Street and even in the Cathedral and Tower of El Mikalet (El Miguelete) (built between 1381 and 1429), which was the minaret of an old mosque.
After Almanzor's death, the ensuing unrest of Muslim Al-Andalus disintegrated into many other states known as typhas, one of which was the typhoid of Valencia, which existed for four periods: 1010-1065, 1075-1099, 1145-1147 and 1229-1238.
Balansiya has experienced a kind of revival since the beginning of the Taifa kingdom of Valencia in the 11th century. The city grew and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, the remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Siutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who intended to take possession of his principality in the Mediterranean, entered the province under the command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and laid siege to the city beginning in 1092. By the time of the end of the siege in May 1094, he created his own fiefdom, ruled from June 15, 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalized in the "Words about Side". During his reign, he converted nine mosques into a church and made the French monk Jerome bishop of the Throne of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from the siege of the Almoravids, after which his wife Simena Diaz ruled in his place for two years.
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The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids reclaimed the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-proclaimed "Emperor of all Spain" Alfonso VI Leon and Castile drove them out of the city, he was unable to keep him. The Christians set it on fire before leaving it, and on May 5, 1109, it came into the possession of the Almoravids of Mazdal. This event was taken in a poem by Ibn Khafaji, in which he thanked Yusuf Ibn Tashfin for the liberation of the city. The fall of Almoravid rule coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from 1145, although their entry into Valencia was stopped by Ibn Mardanis, king of Valencia and Mercia, until 1171, when the city finally passed to the North Africans. Valencia has been ruled by two Muslim dynasties for over a century.
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In 1238, King James I of Aragon laid siege to Valencia with an army of Aragonese, Catalan, Navarro and Calatrava crusaders and surrendered on 28 September. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets like Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amir mourned the expulsion from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population, the city was divided among those who participated in the conquest, according to testimonies in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). Jacob I granted the city a new charter of law, Valencian furs, which were later extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Since then, the city entered a new historical stage, in which a new society and a new language developed, which formed the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.
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On October 9, King James, accompanied by his retinue and army, took possession of the city. The main mosque was cleared and Mass was celebrated. James incorporated the city and territory into the newly formed Kingdom of Valencia (the continuum of the previous state), one of the kingdoms that formed the Crown of Aragon, and allowed all people who lived in the city, Jews, Muslims and Christians, to stay there and live as citizens of the kingdom.
According to the historical records of the city's surrender, the kingdom of Valencia was home to 120,000 Muslims, 65,000 Christians and 2,000 Jews, who, under the terms of the surrender and its covenants, were mostly allowed to remain in their land. According to the Arab historian Hussein Mones of Cairo University, these words were said by King Zayan to Jacob I when he handed over the keys to the city
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