The development of civilization is closely linked with the development and strengthening of contacts between individual states, nationalities, and territories. Numerous - from the very beginning of the development of human society - travel initially played a purely practical role: revealing the nature of neighbors - their friendly or hostile attitude - exchange of experience, search for sales markets and purchase of goods, etc. In this regard, travels repeated the fate of everyday objects, which gradually acquired, in addition to the utilitarian, an aesthetic function that was insignificant for survival, but important for a person psychologically. So travel over time received a new status - also not playing a special role for the life of a given tribe / city / state, but which turned out to be so significant for each individual person that it is not only not lost to this day, but also continues to be actively used, making up one of the important articles in the development of the economy of virtually any country.
So, in addition to people for whom travel was a professional necessity (seafarers, researchers and scientists, merchants, later - priests), there were people who just wanted to see new lands and get new impressions. There was such a thing as tourism.
Today there are a huge number of types of tourism. According to the distance of travel, local (as a rule, local history) tourism, domestic tourism and international tourism are distinguished. The latter plays the most significant role in the economy, representing one of the most common forms of exchange of services. It has become an important source of income, which is already approaching $ 500 billion a year worldwide.
According to the goals, it is possible to distinguish entertainment, educational tourism (it can coincide with the previous type of tourism, it can act independently as the goal of scientific survey expeditions), health-improving (it can be entertainment and health-improving - recreational - or sports and health-improving), sports (can also be an element of the program recreational trips, or may be a separate purpose - for example, ski tourism). Each of these goals contains a number of specifying subparagraphs - types of tourism: for health tourism it is, for example, resort tourism, for sports - hiking (including mountain hiking), cycling, water (rowing, sailing; river, sea, etc.). P.). All these types of tourism are often closely intertwined with each other, and they are often difficult to isolate in their pure form.
Most of the various definitions of tourism boil down to the fact that tourism is a set of relations, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activities. Thus, any type of tourism in one way or another carries cognitive and entertaining elements, in contrast, for example, to professional trips and expeditions, the main purpose of which is to perform a certain work. The desire to see and learn something new is still the main motive of tourist travel. That is why tourism is closely related to the level of development of civilization. The comfort and distance of the proposed journey depends on this level (in the days of carriages, few people would have wanted to go for pleasant impressions from Siberia to the Mediterranean), public awareness of possible places of rest, safety - determined not only by natural conditions, but also by the political situation as in their native country and in the one that is the purpose of the trip, the development of entertainment infrastructure - in general, everything that makes it possible for an interesting pleasant stay and vivid impressions.
Undoubtedly, these parameters have evolved along with human society, defining the characteristics of tourism at this stage of human history, and forming the history of tourism - the history of travel in the most ancient states of the world, the goals and motives of these travels, as well as the formation of tourism as an industry from the early Middle Ages to the present day. , and determining the motivation for these journeys.
It should be noted right away that the period up to the middle of the 19th century is attributed by most researchers to the prehistory of tourism. Travel is not an end in itself, but only a means to an end. The very history of tourism is usually counted from the famous mass (570 people) twenty-mile rail trip with tea, rolls and a brass band, organized in England in 1841 by Thomas Cook. This was the first case of organizing the provision of mass recreation as a single complex of services. Nevertheless, the period preceding this event laid the foundation for the development of recreation infrastructure, the creation of "houses outside the home", therefore, it cannot be discarded when considering the conditions and methods for the emergence and development of tourist travel as a special sphere.
Later, when a person began to lead a sedentary lifestyle, travel began to acquire a different meaning. From time immemorial, many travels were motivated by simple human curiosity, for example, the desire to find out what is behind the farthest hill or on the other side of a wide body of water. This type of travel - to learn something, to observe something, to have fun and rest - might not have any definite economic, political or cognitive purpose. It probably had no immediate effect, other than someone's personal interest in the unknown, but its results were as significant then as they are now: some people talk about their adventures, after which other people seek to repeat their experience.
In ancient times, most travel was undertaken with the aim of exchanging surplus goods produced in one region for goods available in another. In addition, travel is becoming an integral part of military operations. The trips were often educational in nature: it is known that the decimal number system, like algebra in general, the basics of letter writing, many knowledge in astronomy, navigation, etc. "migrated" from Asia to Greece in the minds of future famous scientists-philosophers.
The rest of the incentives for travel can be reduced to sports (in addition to the famous Olympic Games, which brought together virtually the entire Mediterranean in Hellas, so that even wars were suspended, there were a number of similar sports of various scales) and religious (the concept of pilgrimage was already emerging at that time).
As for land routes, already in the 1st century. BC. in the Roman Empire, there were main roads, intended mainly for the movement of messengers with state orders. Along such roads, at a distance of one day's horseback riding, as well as in cities, there were state inns with a minimum of amenities, intended only for short-term stops. As already mentioned, the infrastructure of recreation and entertainment was formed much later, and then travel, like the availability of vehicles, was a purely private matter.
Many travels of that period were associated with the relocation of royal families from winter palaces to summer palaces and back, trips to distant countries to arrange marriages and alliances, or to maintain control over distant possessions. This type of travel included not only many accompanying persons, courtiers and soldiers, but also messengers, couriers, petitioners and officials, whose frequent trips were associated with the activities of the rulers-monarchs. All this led to the emergence of services for organizing recreation along the routes of their various travels. This was also facilitated by the spread of aristocratic tourism, the main consumer of which was the nobility. Young nobles often went to a kind of European grand tour of Europe: from England (London) to France (Paris), then to Italy (Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome), then to Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands. International leisure tourism is developing rapidly, now embracing not only the rich, but also the middle class.
Travel in the Middle Ages was strictly class in nature. Servants traveled only with masters or, more rarely, on their behalf. The feudal system firmly tied the bulk of the population to the land. Therefore, in addition to the aristocracy, representatives of the merchants, members of the conquering detachments and representatives of the so-called urban poor could afford travel. The freedom of movement of people of these categories gradually increased, since in the initial period of the Middle Ages, merchants and townspeople were bound by the guilds and workshops to which they belonged. Thus, leisure travel remained the privilege of the nobility,
The main means of transportation are horses (saddled for riding, harnessed to a carriage or cart). The unconditional priority of these animals as a land vehicle will last until the second half of the 19th century. Swimming vehicles are being improved, which will dominate in the next era - the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
As already mentioned, the main routes of that time ran between Europe and Asia and between European countries. Some European and Middle Asian travelers even then reached India, China (the Arab traveler Suleiman, VIII century). Most of the routes played a strictly specific role: for example, in the IX-XI centuries. there was a trade waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks": from the Normans about the Dnieper, the territory of Kievan Rus, through the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The paths of the crusaders were initially purely military, then gradually turned into religious pilgrims. Inns retain their existence, but from state they become private, and the main places for travelers' rest are monasteries and "guest rooms" in the houses of clergymen.
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Despite the fact that most of the trips in the period of antiquity were made, as we can see, not for entertainment purposes, in Europe during the Roman Empire a new type of travel appeared - leisure tourism. Romans from wealthy families often traveled to Greece to supplement their education. Gradually, these trips acquired an entertainment character: trips to Greece were made by the whole family or single rich Romans-men for the sake of rest, mainly to warm mineral springs.
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Already in those days, two types of paths could be distinguished: land and water. Since ancient civilization was born in the Mediterranean, as well as in the Nile delta and Mesopotamia - the valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates - waterways were the main ones. Traveling by sea, especially for commercial purposes, was much easier than traveling on foot, since there were few types of land vehicles at that time. Mounted animals (horses, elephants) were used in the overwhelming majority of cases for the movement of troops and in battles, less often for the travels of rulers. Dignitaries often traveled short overland distances in palanquins - a kind of fabric houses placed on stretchers and carried by slaves.
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Thus, the main routes at that time were sea and river as faster and more convenient. Light reed and papyrus boats were widespread (Egypt, Mesopotamia). Similar boats, as well as rafts made of balsa logs with curved bow and stern, would later be found in the Indians of Central and South America. On such rafts, the aboriginal civilizations of America moved along the ocean shores already in the 1st century. BC. Long-lived reed rafts were built by the Arabs from the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. Later, they were replaced by board ships, the manufacturing technique of which was quickly mastered by the Greeks. The oldest surviving one belonged to Pharaoh Cheops and dates back to 2700 BC. The role that the means of navigation played in the life of the Mediterranean is evidenced by the fact that in one of the deserted (at the moment) regions of Egypt, among the discovered petroglyphic icons, along with images of people and animals, images of reed boats of a sea (crescent) design prevail - that is, with curved bow and stern, in the ancient Egyptian writing the word "chief" was depicted by a man standing at the stern of the boat (helmsman).
The Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf are literally lined with routes of ancient voyages. Thus, the main fair of Mesopotamian and Egyptian sailors was the island of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Greek routes were also mostly associated with Asia (less often - with Egypt, with which the Greeks had a tense relationship).
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