juliasitton/architecturefacts

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The history of the development of construction is closely connected with the beginning of the emergence of the entire human race. Throughout its existence, human civilization has worked tirelessly to create the highest quality and most comfortable conditions for its daily life and habitat and solved the problem of creating independence and protection from the environment.

Construction is a branch of human life that appeared simultaneously with the appearance of a person. The stages of development of architectural thought and construction technologies have stretched in the history of mankind for millennia.

With the development of technologies and sciences, more and more new building materials began to appear, which surpassed their counterparts not only in quality, but also in lower production costs.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ancient times

The construction of cities largely depends on the level of productive forces and the state of technology. Usually large structures were erected by slaves and the population of rural communities. Suffice it to point out the construction of the Cheops pyramid in Ancient Egypt, which took about 30 years to build. Thousands of slaves built this pyramid. It was built of stone blocks weighing from 2.5 to 30 tons. Its height originally reached 146.5 m [1].

1.2 Basic building materials

The main building materials were stone, wood, brick. The dissemination of this or that material depended to a large extent on the availability of local resources. The fact that the stone resists bending 6 times less than compression did not make it possible to overlap large spans with the help of it, as long as they used beams and slabs working in bending. This led to the dominance in the ancient architectures of Central Asia, Egypt and Greece of girder-post structures with the use of a colonnade. The largest stone beam at that time was the ceiling - the entrance to the Athenian Acropolis - Propylaea, which did not exceed 3.75 m, and the slab was the ceiling of the pharaoh's tomb in the pyramid of Cheops, the length of which reached 5.2 m. to cover large rooms, the builders were forced to use long rows of columns.

It was possible to increase the size of the spans only after the invention of the arch of the arch, in which the stone works for pure compression. Roman builders of an aqueduct near the city of Nîmes (France) brought the arch span to 24.4 m.Diameter of the dome in the mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian in Rome reached 13.5 m. In search of a way to construct monumental buildings based on any local resources with the help of unskilled labor force of legionaries , under the guidance of an experienced engineer, the Roman builders used a new building material invented by the ancient Greeks - concrete.

Prepared from rubble and lime mortar, which was rammed into a layer of rubble with wooden women, concrete made it possible to build monumental structures anywhere in the empire. The possibilities of this material were used in the construction of the Roman Pantheon, where a cylindrical building with a height of almost 22 m, with a wall thickness of about 7 m, a diameter of 43 m, is covered with a cast dome made of concrete

Brick making, which was one of the oldest types of craft, was made in Egypt as early as 4000 BC. NS. Initially, it was made from Nile silt and dried in the sun. Using the experience of pottery, a person began to burn raw bricks, which increased its strength. Fired brick was first used in Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient India.

Wood played a very important role in the construction business. The adze was a universal tool for processing wood. The drill played an important role. First wooden and then bronze nails were widely used.

1.3 Construction of large structures

The construction of large structures required solving the problem of transporting large weights and lifting them to a considerable height. For this, the already well-known lever was widely used, then a block in the form of a wheel with a groove (stream) around the circumference was invented, through which a rope or other flexible rod was thrown. Its invention led to the creation of the first lifting mechanisms (Fig. 2).

The development of capitalism at the end of the 19th century. presented new requirements for construction and architecture. With the growth of cities and factories, new types of buildings appear.

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