Minimal run
docker run -d -e STEAM_USER="steam_account" -e STEAM_PASSWORD="my_password" --name starbound kamaradeivanov/starbound
Full run
docker run -d -e STEAM_USER="steam_account" -e STEAM_PASSWORD="my_password" -v /srv/game/starbound:/home/steam/starbound -p 21025:21025 --name starbound kamaradeivanov/starbound
You can map the directory containing server files with -v /my/path:/server-files.
TCP Port 21025 need to be bind to allow connection.
Once you have run the docker for the first time, you can edit your config file in your map directory /server-data. (In Server/starbound_server.config according to http://starbounder.org/Guide:LinuxServerSetup)
SERVERNAME is not the display name of your server, you need to edit /home/steam/starbound/starbound_server.config.