General information
The area is 10.2 million km2. Population 583.2 million. (2005, without Russia). Extreme continental points: northern - Cape Nordkin (71 ° 8 ′ N) on the Scandinavian Peninsula, southern - Cape Marroki, 36 ° N. lat., western - Cape Roka, 9 ° 34 ′ W. (both - on the Iberian Peninsula), east - 67 ° 20 ′ east. (the eastern foot of the Polar Urals, near the Baydaratskaya Bay). Traditionally, the main watershed, or the eastern foot of the Urals, the valley of the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Kumo-Manych depression and the Kerch Strait (sometimes - the axial part of the Greater Caucasus), the Azov, Black and Marmara seas, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles ... Egypt is separated from Africa by the Straits of Gibraltar and Tunis. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean (in the west) and its seas - the North and Baltic in the central part, the Mediterranean, Black and Azov - in the south; in the north - the Arctic Ocean and its seas (Norwegian, Barents, White, Kara). In terms of the indentedness of its coastline, Egypt occupies a leading position among all parts of the world. Up to one-fourth of Egypt's area falls on the peninsula; the largest: Scandinavian, Jutland, Kola, Kanin - in the north, Brittany - in the west, Iberian, Apennine, Balkan, Crimean - in the south. To E. belong numerous islands and archipelagos with a total area of approx. 730 thousand km2: Iceland, Faroe, British Isles - directly in the Atlantic Ocean; Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Balearic, Ionian Islands, etc. - in the Mediterranean Sea; archipelagos Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya - in the Arctic Ocean. Within Egypt there are (in whole or in part) 46 states (2007).
The following large physical and geographical regions are distinguished in Egypt: Eastern Egypt (the East European Plain, the Urals, and the Crimean Mountains); Iceland; North E. (Fennoscandia); Middle Egypt (the British Isles, the Central European Plain, the Central European midlands, the Alpine-Carpathian mountainous country); Southern Egypt, or the European Mediterranean (Iberian, Apennine, and Balkan Peninsulas).
Egypt's location on the western edge of the vast continent of Eurasia determines many of the features of the formation of its landscapes. On the territory of Egypt, the arctic, subarctic, temperate, and subtropical geographic belts are successively replaced, within which zones of humid and extra-humid (western oceanic) sectors are anomalously widespread (see the map of geographic belts and zones). Among parts of the world, Egypt is distinguished by the duration and scale of anthropogenic transformation of natural ecosystems and the predominance of anthropogenically modified landscapes, which occupy up to 85% of its territory.
Wed altitude (about 300 m) Egypt is inferior to all parts of the world with the exception of Australia. OK. 60% of its territory is located at an altitude of up to 200 m. The dominance of plain relief types in Egypt (see the Physical Map) is associated with the wide distribution of platform structures.
In eastern Egypt and in the north of Central Egypt, stratal plains predominate. The B. part of the territory of Eastern Egypt is occupied by the vast East European Plain, the relief of which is characterized by alternation of structural elevations (Timan Ridge, Northern Uvaly, Verkhnekamsk, Bugulma-Belebeevskaya, Central Russian, Volga, Podolsk, etc.) and accumulative lowlands (Priazovskaya, Black Sea, Pechora, Caspian and others) height. 100–150 m, in the southeastern part, falling below sea level (up to –27 m in the Caspian lowland) The western continuation of the East European Plain is the low-lying Central European Plain with hilly-hollow and undulating-depression relief. In the eastern and central parts of Fennoscandia, basement denudation plains and uplands (Norland, Småland, Suomenselka, Maanselka, etc.) are widespread. 300-500 m and blocky mountains, height. up to 1200 m (Khibiny).
In the north of Egypt, in areas of Pleistocene glaciation, the surface of plains and uplands is complicated by moraine ridges, lakes, kams, lake depressions, etc. ... South of the primary moraine plains, there are outwash and secondary moraine plains, composed of sands and reclaimed moraines of earlier stages of glaciation. In the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula and the East European Plain, in the area of permafrost distribution, permafrost relief forms are developed.
From the northwest, east and south, the plains are bordered by mountain systems. In the northwest of Egypt, the folded-block and block-shaped Scandinavian mountains, formed on the Caledonian folded structures, rise. Consist of separate massifs (Jutunheimen, Yustedalsbreen, Telemark, etc.), max. h. 2469 m (Mount Gallhopiggen). The flattened summit surfaces of the mountains (fjelds) are dissected by deep three-shaped valleys. The Scandinavian mountains have a steep western macroslope, indented by fjords, and a gentle eastern slope, stepping down to the Gulf of Bothnia. The Scottish Highlands have a similar relief. up to 1343 m (Mount Ben Nevis) and the South Scottish Uplands in the north of the island of Great Britain.
To the south of the Central European Plain, the relief is represented by a complex mosaic of rejuvenated block-folded medium-altitude mountains and massifs, united by the common name of the Central European midlands (Rhine Slate Mountains, Vosges, Black Forest, Harz, Sudety, Shumava, etc.). The mountain ranges inherit the basement protrusions of the Epigercyn platform, have peneplained or domed peaks and steep fault slopes. The western and southwestern continuation of the Central European midlands is formed by the Norman Upland and the Central Massif. The Pennine and Cambrian Mountains on the island of Great Britain, the Central Cordillera and the Iberian Mountains on the Iberian Peninsula have a similar relief. Among the mountains there are denudation plains and plateaus with cuesta relief - the Parisian, London, Swabian-Franconian, Thuringian basins, Starokastilskoe and Novokastilskoe plateau.
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The southern and southeastern parts of Egypt are dominated by young folded and block-folded highlands and midlands, which have formed within alpine folded structures. From the central uplift - the Alps (height up to 4807 m, Mont Blanc), mountain ranges diverge in different directions: in the northwest, the Jura ridge adjoins the Alps, in the east - the Carpathians and Stara Planina curved in an arcuate plan; in the southeast - the Dinaric Highlands, the orographic continuation of which on the Balkan Peninsula is the Pindus Mountains, the mountains of the Peloponnese and Crete; in the south - the Apennines. The Pyrenees, the Andalusian mountains, the Crimean mountains also belong to the mountain systems of the Alpine age. Alpine relief forms are characteristic of the highlands (mainly relic, in the Alps and Pyrenees - modern); landslide processes are active. Karst is widely developed. In southern Egypt, there are also numerous blocky and folded-block mountains and plateaus formed as a result of the neotectonic uplift of the Hercynian massifs: the Rhodope Mountains, the mountains of Macedonia, the Calabrian Apennines, and others. In the foothill and intermontane depressions, extensive accumulative-denudation and accumulative plains and the Middle Danube plains were formed. Lower Danube lowlands, Padan plain, Andalusian lowland, etc.
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In the extreme east of Egypt are the blocky-folded mountains of the Ural (up to 1895 m high, Mount Narodnaya), formed on the Hercynian folded structures, represented by a system of submeridional ridges and longitudinal depressions occupied by river valleys. Modern alpine landforms are developed within the Polar, Subpolar and Northern Urals.
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The ancient core of Egypt is the East European Platform, which is surrounded by fold structures of different ages and young platforms (see Tectonic Map). The East European platform has an Archean-Early Proterozoic crystalline basement (age 3.9–1.6 billion years), partially reworked in the west (North Norwegian zone) during the Grenville epoch of tectogenesis approx. 1 billion years ago. The foundation has a block structure (the Archean and Early Proterozoic blocks are distinguished); comes to the surface within the Baltic Shield and the Ukrainian Shield. In the rest of the territory, called the Russian plate, the basement is covered by a Riphean-Phanerozoic platform cover and lies at depths from 0-2 km in the arches of the anteclises (Belorussian, Voronezh, Volga-Ural) to 3-5 km in the central parts of the syneclises (sedimentary basins), the largest of which are Moscow, Mezenskaya, Ukrainian.
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