Information is a reflection of the real (material, objective) world, which is expressed in the form of signals, signs. Information - any set of signals, information (data) that any system perceives from the environment (input information), issues into the environment (outgoing information) or is stored within a certain system (internal information). Information exists in the form of documents, pictures, texts, sound and light signals, energy and nerve impulses, etc. Information is understood as information about objects of the surrounding world, which are perceived by humans, animals, plants or special devices and increase their level of awareness. Information is conveyed through messages. Messages can be oral, written, in the form of drawings, gestures, special signs, or organized in some other way. Examples of messages are: meter readings, road signs, telegram text, oral story, and the like. With the help of messages, information is exchanged between people, between people and machines, between machines; exchange of signals in the plant and animal world, from cell to cell, from organism to organism, and the like. We also recommend reading the article "Information messages and processes".
Types of information Information can be divided into types according to several criteria: By the way of perception For humans, information is divided into types depending on the type of receptors that perceive it: Visual - perceived by the organs of vision. Auditory - perceived by the organs of hearing. Tactile - perceived by tactile receptors. Olfactory - perceived by the olfactory receptors. Gustatory - perceived by taste buds. According to the form of presentation According to the form of presentation, information is divided into the following types: Text - what is transmitted in the form of symbols intended to denote the lexemes of the language. Numeric - in the form of numbers and signs indicating mathematical operations. Graphic - in the form of images, events, objects, graphs. Sound - oral or in the form of a recording, the transmission of language lexemes by an audible way.
By appointment Mass - contains trivial information and operates with a set of concepts that are understandable to most of the society. Special - contains a specific set of concepts, when used, information is transmitted that may not be understood by the bulk of society, but are necessary and understandable within a narrow social group where this information is used. Personal - a set of information about a person that determines the social status and types of social interactions within the population.
Properties of information Usefulness. The usefulness of information is assessed by the tasks that can be solved with its use. Information that is important and useful for one person turns out to be useless for another if he cannot use it. Relevance. Information is relevant (timely) if it is important at a given moment in time. If you are going to travel by train, then information about when this train leaves is important for you. However, this information loses its relevance after the train started. Probability (truthfulness). Information is considered reliable if it does not contradict reality, correctly explains and confirms it. If you learned about the flood from an information TV program, then this information is most likely reliable. At the same time, rumors about the coming of aliens, which is expected next week, are unreliable. Objectivity. Information can be objective or subjective (to depend or not to depend on whose judgment). For example, the message “the sea water is cold” is subjective, while the message “the water temperature is +17 degrees Celsius” gives objective information. Completeness. Information is complete if it is sufficient for correct conclusions and correct decisions. If a person has to decide something on the basis of any information, then he first evaluates, this information is enough to make the right decision. Comprehensibility. Information is understandable if, upon its perception, there is no need for additional messages (no questions arise). If a person is told something that he is not yet prepared to perceive, for example, they turn to English before the person has learned this language, then he will take out completely different information from the information he heard than it would have been when the person learned English. Media The medium in which the message is recorded is called the media of the message. In the "pre-computer" era, information was stored on paper, photographs, film, magnetic tape, etc. With the advent of the first computers, punch cards and punched tapes, magnetic disks, and compact disks were widely used. A punched card is a sheet of thin cardboard in standard sizes.
In certain positions, punched cards punch holes. The presence of a hole in a certain position is considered to be one, and its absence is considered to be zero. Punched tape is a tape of thick paper of standard width, on which information is entered by punching holes in the corresponding positions on 5 or 8 parallel tracks. Of course, there is definite information behind the holes on punched cards or punched tapes. Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for storing information began to be used with the development of computer technology. To record 1 (unit), a small area was magnetized. A demagnetized (or oppositely magnetized) region meant 0 (zero). Floppy magnetic disks, or FDDs, made it possible to easily transfer information from one computer to another, as well as store information that was not constantly used on a computer. Floppy disks were produced, as a rule, with a disk with a diameter of 3.5 inches and had a capacity of only 1.44 MB. Hard magnetic disks, or hard disks (HDD), are still the main type of media for long-term storage of information today. The drive includes a magnetic disk itself, a positioning system and a set of magnetic heads - all of which are housed in a hermetically sealed case. Magnetic cards contain encoded information, this technology is used in credit, telephone and registration cards, as well as passes and "keys" for combination locks. Compact discs (optical discs or CDs) are a disc made of special plastic with a mirror finish on the side from which information is written and read. The information on the disk is written in the following way: the disk rotates, and on its surface the laser in certain places "damages" the surface in such a way that the laser beam is not reflected from them during reading. Thus, 1 is recorded, "undamaged" places mean logical 0. There are CD-R, DVD-R - optical discs that can be written once, as well as CD-RW, DVD-RW - optical discs that can be written repeatedly.
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Forms and ways of presenting information The symbolic form of presenting information is the simplest, in which each symbol has some meaning. For example: red traffic lights, turning indicators on vehicles, various gestures, abbreviations and symbols in formulas. The textual form of information presentation is more complex. This form provides that the content of the message is transmitted not through individual characters (numbers, letters, signs), but by their combination, the order of placement. Symbols are sequentially arranged to form words, which in turn can form sentences.
Text information is used in books, brochures, newspapers, magazines, etc. The graphical form of information presentation, as a rule, has the greatest volume. This form includes photographs, paintings, drawings, graphics, and the like. The graphic form is more informative. Apparently, therefore, when we pick up a new book, we first look for drawings in it in order to create the fullest impression about it. Information can be presented in one of the following ways: letters and signs, gestures, music notes, drawings, paintings, sculptures, sound recordings, video recordings, films, and the like. Information can be in the form of continuous (analog) and discrete (digital) signals.
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