Architecture is an art whose task is to shape the human environment, to create functional buildings in accordance with the requirements dictated by the concepts of aesthetics and beauty. Architectural structures must meet three basic requirements: utility, strength and beauty. Artistic images embodied by modern architects play an important role in the spiritual life of a person, and the constructive, functional and aesthetic qualities of architectural works are closely related.
Each historical period is characterized by certain types of buildings, which were determined by the materials and technologies used. Therefore, each era is characterized by its own style, which, in addition to materials and technologies, was greatly influenced by constantly changing concepts of beauty and expediency.
If we talk about the development of architecture today, then many architects distinguish two directions in it. Firstly, it is “eclecticism” or traditional architecture. This trend is characterized by a constant appeal to various historical styles when creating architectural forms. The second direction in the development of architecture is considered "modern architecture", which, in search of new images, turns to high technologies (both construction and computer), uses the latest achievements of scientists and the most modern building materials.
In modern architecture, one can observe complete freedom of ideas and opinions: today there are no priority directions and styles, and all development concepts are equal. In the last decades of the twentieth century and at the beginning of this century, we see the abandonment of previous styles and forms, as well as the relentless search and use of modern materials such as iron, glass, plastic, reinforced concrete. Modern architecture uses a wide variety of styles: constructivism, postmodernism, minimalism, kitsch, techno, hi-tech, etc., as well as their combinations, sometimes quite bold.
Perhaps the first direction of modern architecture can be called constructivism, or, as it is often called, functionalism. Adherents of this trend believe that the aesthetic side of the structure should be fully subordinate to the functional purpose. In this regard, the importance of beauty and any achievements of previous eras is denied. Functionalism focuses not on the inner world of a person, his individuality, but on the average biological and social needs.
Therefore, architectural structures in this direction are distinguished by extremely simple forms, minimal surface treatment, limited color range. True, the advantages of functionalism include small material costs for the construction of buildings, which made it possible to implement the principle: more housing for the same money. Most of the architectural solutions of modern cities, with monotonous gray, expressionless boxes of residential buildings, can be attributed precisely to the direction of functionalism.
"Architectural postmodernism" also denies the need for an artistic standard, but in contrast to constructivism, this style tries to revive such principles of composition as proportionality, symmetry and perspective. Postmodernism is guided by the principles of eclecticism, combining elements of a wide variety of styles into a single whole. At the same time, different styles can penetrate each other, creating original, amazing buildings.
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In some countries, such as Japan, the main criterion for construction can be called "multifunctionality". Architectural structures in this direction perform not only the function of shelter, but are also an indispensable element in ensuring human life. A striking example of such a building is the Mediatek (architect Toyo Ito), in which we see complete harmony between the natural and artificial components. Libraries and museums of this kind make it possible to obtain new information much faster and attract many visitors.
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Today, in architecture and design, the high-tech style is becoming more and more widespread, characterized by the use of high technologies and non-traditional materials for construction. Hi-tech uses a lot of glass and metal. Often, architects include various engineering equipment in the composition of a building (pipelines, elevator shafts, air ducts, etc.), which gives structures a certain technocratic look. The brightest representative of this style can be called the "Suite Vollard" residential tower in Brazil. This building consists of 11 floors and can rotate on its own axis. Each floor rotates independently of the others. The building frame is made of vinyl and metal structures, and the walls are almost entirely made of glass.
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In recent decades, we can observe the increasingly widespread development of the so-called "biomorphic" direction in modern architecture. The development of this direction became possible only due to the active use of the latest computer technologies in architecture. This area includes, for example, the famous Goggenheim Museum, which is located in Spain. This museum was designed by the American F. Gehry, who was the first to use modern computer technologies in architecture.
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