The history of the emergence of music The history of the emergence of music in the conditions of the conscious evolution of mankind begins about 50 thousand years ago.
Presumably, the appearance of man, in his modern view, took place about 160 thousand years ago. The settling of people across the continents gradually took place. It is known that absolutely all peoples have individual manifestations of music. Therefore, ethnographers come to the conclusion that before their settlement, the ancient people of Africa (the place where the first man appeared) already had minimal musical knowledge. It follows that music has been accompanying a person for more than 50 thousand years, forever entering his culture and becoming an integral part of social life.
The first musical form, from the beginning of the history of the emergence of music, is designated by specialists as a primitive (prehistoric) musical tradition. The existing modern types of music among the American Indians and among the aborigines of Australia, by analogy, are called prehistoric. In general, the concept of prehistoric music is usually applied in relation to European civilizations, and in many other countries the concepts of traditional, folklore or folk music are used.
The most archaic instrument that has existed since antiquity and has come down to our time is the flute. This artifact was discovered during the excavation of the oldest sculptures, whose age dates back to 40 thousand years.
The next stage in musical evolution is considered to be the transition to the tradition of musical writing, as a result of which the music of the ancient world arose. The oldest song today is 2 thousand years old. It was fixed on an adobe tablet discovered during the excavations of Nipur. Studies of ancient images embodied on walls and ceramic vases, as well as written monuments, indicate that at that time music developed into a polyphonic form. Judging by the description, one of the flutes could perform the main musical theme, while the other played along with it, creating a background sound. Instruments dating back to that time are flutes and string instruments discovered in the Indus Valley.
Ancient music is considered to be the era from the time of the decline of the Roman Empire to the end of the 18th century. The origins of music at the beginning of this gigantic period were the Catholic Church, in which services were accompanied by an insignificant background music. After that, in all world civilizations, an intensive development and variety of musical knowledge and corresponding instruments began. Within huge regions, their own individual musical traditions developed, absolutely not similar to those of the neighboring ones. Many musical instruments appeared, which, in the opinion of the peoples, most appropriately conveyed individual audio effects. Different nationalities develop characteristic types of musical instruments.
Initially, music education was given in churches, or music was taught from those who knew how to play. Gradually, along with church education, schools appeared that provide musical skills for the secular entertainment direction. There were troubadours, bards, etc. Medieval music served as the basis for the emergence of music of the early Renaissance.
The concept of academic music appears, the development of which is already calculated at the level of centuries. Concrete instruments, which produce the most melodic and diverse sounding, are becoming generally recognized and internationally. General norms and designations of musical terms are adopted, music is necessarily taught to children of noble and noble families.
In our time, the history of the emergence of music is studied by a special science, which is called the history of music. It is a branch of scientific and educational musicology, which mainly studies the culture of European music, its main stages of development, schools and genres. In many ways, the intonations and feelings embodied in musical expression depended on the geographical position of folk composers and the events taking place there, since it was very important to express one's feelings in a multifaceted and multifaceted piece of music. The method of studying the history of music consisted in the systematization of the types and forms of music, the instruments used, as well as the methods of transferring sound on paper. The history of the emergence of music, which began more than 50 thousand years ago, and today is a very relevant object of study.
Stringed instruments were also invented in ancient times. Images of ancient strings have survived on numerous rock paintings, most of them are found in the Pyrenees. So, in the Gogul cave there are “dancing” figures, “carrying bows”. The "lyre player" struck the strings with the edge of a bone or wood to produce sound. In the chronology of the development of music, the invention of stringed instruments and the birth of dance, or rather the first semblance of dance movements, took place at about the same time. How do scholars research ancient music? After all, there were definitely no records then, like writing and musical notation. Here ethnographic materials help science - the study of isolated African tribes that remained at a prehistoric, primitive stage of development.
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Prehistoric music Prehistoric, or primitive, it is customary to denote an oral musical tradition.
The term "prehistoric" is usually applied to the musical tradition of ancient European peoples, and other terms are used in relation to the music of representatives of other continents - folklore, traditional, folk.
The first musical sounds are human imitations of the voices of animals and birds during a hunt. And the first musical instrument in history is the human voice. By the effort of the vocal cords, a person could already masterfully reproduce sounds in a wide range: from the singing of exotic birds and the chirping of insects to the roar of a wild beast.
The first prehistoric musical instrument officially confirmed by archaeologists is the flute. In its primitive form, it was a whistle. The whistling tube acquired holes for the fingers and became a full-fledged musical instrument, which was gradually improved to the form of a modern flute. Prototypes of the flute were discovered during excavations in southwestern Germany, dating back to 35-40 thousand years BC.
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Music of the ancient world The prehistoric era ends with the transition to a written musical tradition.
The oldest known song, recorded on a cuneiform tablet, was found in the excavations of Nippur, it dates back to 2000 BC. e. The tablet was transcribed by Professor A.D. Kilmer of the University of Berkeley, and it was also demonstrated that it was composed in thirds and used a Pythagorean tuning.
Double pipes, such as those used by the ancient Greeks, and ancient bagpipes, as well as a survey of ancient drawings on vases and walls, and ancient writing (see, for example, Aristotle's Problems, Book XIX.12 [4]), which describes the musical technique of that time, indicate polyphony. One pipe in the aulos probably provided the background, while the other played melodic passages. Instruments such as the seven-hole flute and various types of stringed instruments have been found in the Indus Valley civilization.
References to Indian classical music (marga) can be found in the Vedic scriptures. The Sama Veda, one of the four Vedas, describes music in detail. The history of music in Iran (Persia) dates back to the prehistoric era. The legendary great king, Jamshid, is credited with inventing music. Music in Iran can be traced back to the days of the Elamite Empire (2500–644 BC). Fragmentary documents from various periods of the country's history show that the ancient Persians had an extensive musical culture. The Sassanian period (226-651 AD), in particular, has left us with a wealth of evidence indicating a vibrant musical life in Persia. The names of some important musicians such as Barbod, Nakissa and Ramtin, as well as the titles of some of their works, have survived.
On the walls of the pyramids, in ancient papyri, in the collections "The Texts of the Pyramids" and "The Book of the Dead" there are lines of religious hymns. There are "passions" and "mysteries". Popular subjects were the "passions" of Osiris, who died and was resurrected every year, as well as women's lament songs over the dead Osiris. The performance of the songs could be accompanied by dramatic scenes.
The oldest musical instruments of the Egyptians were the harp and flute. During the New Kingdom period, the Egyptians played bells, tambourines, drums and lyres imported from Asia. Rich people hosted receptions with professional musicians.
It is believed that it was in Ancient Greece that music reached its highest flowering in the culture of the Ancient World. The word "music" itself has an ancient Greek origin. In ancient Greece, a natural relationship between pitch and number was first noted, the discovery of which tradition attributes to Pythagoras.
The growth of polis, in which large cult and civil holidays were held, led to the development of choral singing to the accompaniment of a wind instrument. Together with the avlos, a metal pipe came into use. Constant wars stimulated the development of military music. At the same time, lyric poetry developed, which was sung to the accompaniment of musical instruments. Famous songwriters include Alcaeus, Archilochus and Sappho.
The poet and musician Pindar, the author of hymns, drinking and victory odes, distinguished by a variety of forms, richness and whimsical rhythms, became a classic of choral poetry. On the basis of the hymns of Pindar, the praises were developed, sung at the Dionysian festivals (about 600 BC).
Music has been an integral part of theatrical performances. Tragedy combined drama, dance and music. The authors of the tragedies - Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, like the ancient Greek lyric poets, were at the same time the creators of music. As the tragedy developed, the musical parts of the luminaries and actors were introduced.
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Observing these tribes, their customs and musical instruments helps scientists to more fully imagine how our distant ancestors lived. Ancient civilizations About seven thousand years ago, after all the difficult stages of development of primitive society, the next stage in the development of mankind begins, and it is called - civilization. This period is characterized by local wars and civil strife. Not without more interesting events: the development of architecture, religion, classes of society and, of course, music. The music of the ancient world, like all art of that period, was imbued with a deep religious meaning. Songs and hymns sang the power of the gods and their power over man. Music was considered a way of communion with something sublime, sacred. The priests and other ministers of the temples were the main "musicians" of that period: they knew how to play musical instruments, sing and compose hymns.
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