In any activity, especially those related to international transactions, the most relevant is the question of definitions, i.e. agreed and accepted as a basis definitions, concepts, terms that allow to adequately interpret the subject, object and terms of the transaction, principles and provisions of regulatory enactments. Differences in the interpretation of the terms used can have the most unfavorable consequences in the practical actions of the subjects of tourist activity.
Tourism terminology is undergoing significant changes in accordance with the rapid pace of development and formation of both public relations and tourism, its industries and types. The interpretation of tourist terms is the subject of fierce discussions among the apologists of the theory of tourism.
When we talk about tourism, we mean people who visit friends and family, go on vacation and just have a good time. In their free time, they can do various sports, sunbathe, ride horses, can go hiking, read, talk and, finally, just enjoy the world around them.
It is possible to include in our definition of tourism people who take part in various conventions, conferences or other types of business and professional activities, go on study tours or do research.
These people (let's call them tourists) use a variety of modes of transport when traveling, from bicycles to flying on jet planes. Many travel by car, bus, train or even motorbike.
In order to establish the significance of tourism and to describe more fully the scope of its activity, it is necessary, first of all, to highlight the various groups of actors that interact in tourism.
Tourists. These are people who experience various mental and physical needs, the nature of which determines the directions and types of participation of these people in tourist activities. Organizations providing goods and services to tourists. These are entrepreneurs who see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit through the provision of goods and services, taking into account the demand in the tourism market. Local authorities. They consider tourism as an important factor of the economy related to the income that local citizens can receive from this business in the form of taxes received by the local budget. The host. The local population, who perceives tourism primarily as a factor in the employment of the population. For this group, the result of interaction with tourists, including foreign ones, is important. Thus, tourism can be defined as a set of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, suppliers, local authorities and the local population in the process of tourism activities. Travel, tourism is a complex of related business areas. The closest profession to tourism is the distribution of tours, that is, the work of travel agencies. Airlines, car rental companies, railways, buses, hotels and restaurants are directly involved in tourism. Related types of business can also include financial structures that finance the development of the service sector, etc.
In order to formulate a complete definition of tourism, it is necessary to consider the multidimensionality of tourism and its interaction with other activities. The lack of uniform definitions makes it difficult to study tourism as an academic discipline.
The study of tourism from a scientific point of view (among other disciplines) has recently attracted the attention of scholars in many fields of knowledge. In this regard, it became necessary to develop precise definitions and terms. This problem is not as simple as it seems at first glance. It is annually engaged in by various organizations, including the League of Nations, the United Nations, the World Tourism Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
International organizations constantly refer to the topic of the interpretation of terminology, mainly with the aim of harmonizing the principles of international statistics. Thus, in 1937, the definition of "international tourist" was given at the Conference of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations. In 1950, the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO) - the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO), transformed in 1975 into the World Tourism Organization (WTO), clarified the definition of "tourist", introducing new concepts: "excursionist" and "transit traveler". At the same time, a clear distinction was made between these categories from the category "tourist".
Certain group and economic interests of countries significantly affect the interpretation of concepts taken as a basis in national regulations governing certain relations in the field of tourism.
Travel and tourism are two inextricably linked concepts that characterize a certain way of human life. This is recreation, active entertainment, sports, knowledge of the world around, trade, treatment and many other activities. However, there is always a characteristic action that determines and isolates the journey itself from other spheres of activity - the movement of a person to a different locality or country, continent, different from his usual location or residence.
Traveling: individual individuals; groups of persons united by a common interest and purpose; whole expeditions, including military ones, which may include several hundred or even thousands of specialists, as well as diplomats, migrants and settlers. For individual peoples, travel is a way of life that has been established for centuries and is caused by the climatic features of the area of residence. These include, for example, nomadic tribes: Belundzhi, Bedouins, Gypsies, etc. Nomads, together with herds of animals, move annually as they develop pastures, and they are not even stopped by the borders of states. For example, Belungi are constantly migrating from Pakistan to Afghanistan. Seasonal farm workers travel as they harvest from the South to the North of the United States.
Travel is a term that has a significant common conceptual meaning and denotes the movement of people in space and time.
Thus, travel is the movement of people in time and space, and a person who travels, regardless of goals, directions, means of transportation and time intervals, is called a traveler. Depending on the peculiarities of the journey, the traveler can be called a navigator, astronaut, businessman, naturalist, etc. in accordance with goals, directions, means of transportation and other characteristics that are significant or even insignificant. Under certain characteristics and conditions of organization and implementation, travel can be an integral part of a tourist service. For statistical purposes, the traveler is also referred to as a "visitor".
The national legislation of some countries provides a clear interpretation of the method for quantifying travel. For example, the US Census Bureau, which is responsible for conducting research on national travel, gave the following definition of travel: "moving more than 100 miles from the place of permanent residence." However, the National Travel Review (1963 and 1967) uses a definition supplemented by the words "or out of town for one or more nights." The Washington DC-based US Tourism Data Center used definitions set by the US Census Bureau in its work.
Like the Census Bureau, the U.S. Tourism Data Center excluded the following types of travel from the definition of travel:
relocation of crew members of ships, railway trains, aircraft, etc.; travel of persons between regions, countries for the purpose of work; travel of persons for the purpose of training.
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Tourism as a special case of travel has clear limitations, characteristics and many definitions in a conceptual sense.
Unlike travel, tourism is a category that is strongly influenced by the economy and has a dualism (duality) of the internal nature of the phenomenon, since tourism is both a special, mass, kind of travel, and the activity of organizing and carrying out these travels.
Let's give a classic definition of tourism and give a detailed description of its components.
Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time for the purpose of enjoying and resting, health, guest, educational or professional and business purposes, but without engaging in paid work in the visited place. Note that:
a significant part of the restrictions in the concepts will be of a purely economic nature, due to the place of tourism in a modern developed society; the definitions themselves will serve the purposes and principles of international tourism statistics, which, in turn, operates according to categories determined for the purposes of the economy, planning, accounting, etc .; the requirements for a uniform international understanding of the substance of the categories to be statistically evaluated and compared will be taken into account. The main features of tourism:
Long journeys are made by only a few individuals. Tourism, on the other hand, is a mass phenomenon of the 20th century, which has developed due to the political and economic situation that has developed in a developed society. People (mostly wage earners) everywhere have the right to a short annual leave (2-3 weeks on average). After the Second World War (1939-1945), people for the most part began to live in abundance, allowing them to allocate funds for recreation and short-term travel for recreation. The developed transport means, which opened the era of transcontinental flights on aircrafts, made it possible to visit almost any part of the world quite affordable.
According to statistics, the largest share is occupied by weekend tourism (2-3 days), followed by small tourist trips (6-7 days), a much smaller share is taken by 8-12-day tours. All other, longer, tourist trips drop out of statistics due to the insignificance of their specific weight in the total mass.
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For example, according to statistics of domestic tourism, it is important to limit the categories of the population who follow daily to work at certain time intervals and distances. So, for a small city it will be 20-30 minutes at a distance of several kilometers, for a large city - trips to work lasting up to 3 hours at a distance of more than 50-100 km. It is necessary to take into account the minimum interval of absence of a resident in this place, as well as the differences and peculiarities of localities and administrative territories. For a resident of a small village, a 70 km trip will be a long journey. At the same time, in Moscow or Volgograd, this distance is within the city limits. A very difficult question is whether summer residents who go to their summer cottages on weekends at a distance of more than 120 km are tourists? Few of those who have land plots in Russia would agree to call these trips recreation and tourism; rather, it is hard work.
The definition of the period of free time is based on a general understanding of tourism as a means of recreation. It is not fair enough for some types of tourism, for example, for professional and business, the participants of which most often travel as specialists sent by the company.
The most important category is the purpose of tourism, which makes it possible to clearly identify the types of activities related to tourism and falling under preferential customs, tax and other preferred regimes established by states exclusively for tourism. The main goals of tourism: entertainment (attractive), recreational and educational. The second in importance are the goals of health-improving and therapeutic, followed by professional-business, guest, etc.
Tourism is an important component of the economy of many countries, which provides employment for the local population, the loading of hotels and hotels, restaurants, entertainment events, the flow of foreign currency, etc. Tourism is based on the exploitation of local tourist resources, bringing this; locality or state income. Tourism, depending on the components of services and services categories of the population, is divided into domestic and international.
Domestic tourism is a temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from a permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, satisfying cognitive interests, playing sports and for other tourist purposes. Domestic tourism does not represent a separate sphere, but is associated with all other sectors of national life1.
International tourism is a systematic and purposeful activity of tourism enterprises associated with the provision of tourism services and a tourism product to foreign tourists in the Russian Federation (inbound tourism) and the provision of tourism services and a tourism product abroad (outbound tourism). Tourism in many countries is an activity that is under the close scrutiny of the state as an economically profitable and profitable industry.
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